{"id":4354,"date":"2026-03-08T19:07:18","date_gmt":"2026-03-08T19:07:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hysfsubsea.com\/fiber-optic-underwater-connectors-selection-installation-guide-subsea-data-systems\/"},"modified":"2026-03-16T09:04:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T09:04:46","slug":"fiber-optic-underwater-connectors-selection-installation-guide-subsea-data-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hysfsubsea.com\/da\/fiber-optic-underwater-connectors-selection-installation-guide-subsea-data-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiber Optic Underwater Connectors: Complete Selection & Installation Guide for Subsea Data Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fiber Optic Underwater Connectors: Complete Market Analysis & Technology Trends 2026-2030<\/h1>\n

Sammenfatning<\/h2>\n

The global fiber optic underwater connector market is experiencing unprecedented growth, driven by expanding subsea data infrastructure, offshore renewable energy projects, and advanced underwater communication systems. This comprehensive analysis examines market dynamics, technological innovations, competitive landscape, and growth projections through 2030.<\/p>\n

Key Findings:<\/strong>
\n– Market size projected to reach $1.8 billion by 2030 (CAGR 8.4%)
\n– Fiber optic adoption in subsea applications growing 3x faster than traditional copper
\n– Hybrid connectors (power + data) representing fastest-growing segment
\n– Asia-Pacific emerging as dominant manufacturing and deployment region<\/p>\n

\n

Chapter 1: Market Overview and Current State<\/h2>\n

1.1 Global Market Size and Growth Trajectory<\/h3>\n

The fiber optic underwater connector market has evolved from a niche segment serving military and research applications to a critical component of global subsea infrastructure. Current market valuation stands at approximately $1.2 billion (2026), with robust growth expected across all major application sectors.<\/p>\n

Market Size by Region (2026):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Region<\/th>\nMarket Value (USD)<\/th>\nDel<\/th>\nV\u00e6kstrate<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
North America<\/td>\n$385M<\/td>\n32%<\/td>\n7.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Europe<\/td>\n$348M<\/td>\n29%<\/td>\n6.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asien og Stillehavsomr\u00e5det<\/td>\n$312M<\/td>\n26%<\/td>\n10.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle East & Africa<\/td>\n$98M<\/td>\n8%<\/td>\n9.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Latinamerika<\/td>\n$57M<\/td>\n5%<\/td>\n6.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Source: Subsea Industry Association, 2026 Market Report<\/em><\/p>\n

1.2 Historical Development and Evolution<\/h3>\n

Fiber optic underwater connector technology has undergone three distinct evolutionary phases:<\/p>\n

Phase 1 (1990-2005): Military and Research Dominance<\/strong>
\n– Initial development driven by naval communications requirements
\n– Limited commercial applications
\n– High cost, low volume production
\n– Proprietary designs with limited interoperability<\/p>\n

Phase 2 (2005-2018): Oil & Gas Expansion<\/strong>
\n– Subsea production systems driving demand
\n– Standardization efforts (IEC, ISO)
\n– Increased competition reducing costs
\n– Wet-mate technology maturation<\/p>\n

Phase 3 (2018-Present): Diversification and Innovation<\/strong>
\n– Offshore wind farms creating new demand
\n– Data center interconnects undersea
\n– Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)
\n– Hybrid connector development<\/p>\n

1.3 Current Market Dynamics<\/h3>\n

Supply Side Factors<\/h4>\n

Manufacturing Concentration:<\/strong>
\nThe fiber optic underwater connector market remains moderately concentrated, with the top 5 manufacturers controlling approximately 58% of global market share:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. TE Connectivity (Subconn)<\/strong> – 18% market share<\/li>\n
  2. BIRNS (Huber+Suhner)<\/strong> – 14% market share<\/li>\n
  3. SeaConnect<\/strong> – 11% market share<\/li>\n
  4. WetLink (Oceaneering)<\/strong> – 9% market share<\/li>\n
  5. HYSF Subsea<\/strong> – 6% market share<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Manufacturing Capabilities:<\/strong>
    \n– Advanced cleanroom facilities required for fiber termination
    \n– Specialized pressure testing equipment ($2M+ investment)
    \n– Skilled technician shortage in key markets
    \n– Lead times ranging from 4-12 weeks depending on customization<\/p>\n

    Demand Side Factors<\/h4>\n

    Primary Application Segments:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Anvendelse<\/th>\n2026 Andel<\/th>\nGrowth Driver<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Offshore olie og gas<\/td>\n34%<\/td>\nDeepwater exploration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Havvind<\/td>\n22%<\/td>\nRenewable energy expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Telekommunikation<\/td>\n18%<\/td>\nSubsea cable networks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Forsvar og sikkerhed<\/td>\n15%<\/td>\nNaval modernization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Videnskabelig forskning<\/td>\n8%<\/td>\nOcean observation systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Other<\/td>\n3%<\/td>\nEmerging applications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    1.4 Pricing Trends and Economics<\/h3>\n

    Average Selling Price (ASP) Analysis:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Fiber optic underwater connector pricing has decreased 23% over the past five years, driven by:
    \n– Manufacturing process improvements
    \n– Increased competition from Asian manufacturers
    \n– Standardization reducing customization requirements
    \n– Economies of scale in high-volume segments<\/p>\n

    Price Segments (2026):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Segment<\/th>\nPrice Range (USD)<\/th>\nVolume Share<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Premium (Military\/Deepwater)<\/td>\n$2,500 – $8,000<\/td>\n18%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Professional (Oil & Gas\/Wind)<\/td>\n$800 – $2,500<\/td>\n45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Commercial (Research\/General)<\/td>\n$300 – $800<\/td>\n28%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Entry-Level (Education\/Hobby)<\/td>\n$100 – $300<\/td>\n9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \n

    Chapter 2: Technology Landscape and Innovation<\/h2>\n

    2.1 Core Technology Categories<\/h3>\n

    Wet-Mate vs. Dry-Mate Fiber Optic Connectors<\/h4>\n

    Wet-Mate Technology:<\/strong>
    \nWet-mate fiber optic connectors enable connection and disconnection underwater without requiring a dry environment. This technology represents the pinnacle of subsea connector engineering.<\/p>\n

    Vigtige specifikationer:<\/strong>
    \n– Operating depth: Up to 4,000 meters (13,123 feet)
    \n– Pressure rating: 400 bar (5,800 psi)
    \n– Mating cycles: 500+ underwater operations
    \n– Insertion loss: <0.5 dB typical
    \n– Return loss: >45 dB<\/p>\n

    Technical Challenges:<\/strong>
    \n– Precision fiber alignment under pressure
    \n– Contamination prevention during mating
    \n– Optical gel stability in seawater
    \n– Thermal expansion compensation<\/p>\n

    Market Adoption:<\/strong>
    \nWet-mate fiber connectors currently represent 35% of the fiber optic underwater connector market, with highest adoption in:
    \n– Subsea production systems (68%)
    \n– Offshore wind monitoring (42%)
    \n– Naval applications (71%)<\/p>\n

    Dry-Mate Technology:<\/strong>
    \nDry-mate connectors require connection in dry conditions before submersion. While less versatile than wet-mate, they offer:
    \n– Lower cost (40-60% less than wet-mate)
    \n– Simpler design and maintenance
    \n– Proven reliability in permanent installations
    \n– Wider availability across manufacturers<\/p>\n

    2.2 Hybrid Connector Evolution<\/h3>\n

    Definition and Value Proposition:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Hybrid fiber optic underwater connectors combine optical fiber channels with electrical power conductors in a single connector housing. This integration delivers:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Reduced installation complexity<\/li>\n
    • Lower total system cost<\/li>\n
    • Improved reliability (single penetration point)<\/li>\n
    • Space and weight savings on subsea equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Market Growth:<\/strong>
      \nHybrid connectors represent the fastest-growing segment, with 14.2% CAGR projected through 2030.<\/p>\n

      Configuration Options:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Configuration<\/th>\nFiber Channels<\/th>\nPower Conductors<\/th>\nTypical Applications<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Light Hybrid<\/td>\n2-4 fibers<\/td>\n2-4 conductors<\/td>\nSensors, cameras<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Medium Hybrid<\/td>\n4-12 fibers<\/td>\n4-8 conductors<\/td>\nROV tooling, AUVs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Heavy Hybrid<\/td>\n12-48 fibers<\/td>\n8-24 conductors<\/td>\nSubsea production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      2.3 Emerging Technologies<\/h3>\n

      Expanded Beam Technology<\/h4>\n

      Expanded beam fiber optic connectors use lenses to expand the light beam before transmission, offering:<\/p>\n

      Fordele:<\/strong>
      \n– Less sensitive to contamination
      \n– Easier cleaning requirements
      \n– Better performance in harsh environments
      \n– Reduced wear on fiber end faces<\/p>\n

      Trade-offs:<\/strong>
      \n– Higher insertion loss (0.7-1.0 dB vs. 0.3-0.5 dB)
      \n– Increased cost (20-30% premium)
      \n– Larger connector size<\/p>\n

      Adoption Rate:<\/strong> Growing from 8% (2024) to 15% (2026) of new installations<\/p>\n

      Multi-Fiber Push-On (MPO) Underwater Variants<\/h4>\n

      Adaptation of data center MPO technology for subsea applications:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • 12-24 fiber density in compact form factor<\/li>\n
      • Rapid deployment for temporary installations<\/li>\n
      • Growing use in underwater data centers<\/li>\n
      • Standardization efforts ongoing (IEC 61754-7 underwater variant)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        2.4 Materials Science Advances<\/h3>\n

        Housing Materials:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Materiale<\/th>\nDybdevurdering<\/th>\nModstandsdygtighed over for korrosion<\/th>\nCost Index<\/th>\nAnvendelser<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Titanium klasse 5<\/td>\n6,000m<\/td>\nFremragende<\/td>\n100<\/td>\nDeepwater, military<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Stainless Steel 316L<\/td>\n2,000m<\/td>\nMeget god<\/td>\n45<\/td>\nOil & gas, wind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Bronze (Aluminum)<\/td>\n1,000m<\/td>\nGod<\/td>\n30<\/td>\nShallow water, ROVs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Engineering Plastics<\/td>\n300m<\/td>\nFair<\/td>\n15<\/td>\nConsumer, education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        New Developments:<\/strong>
        \n– Carbon fiber composite housings (30% weight reduction)
        \n– Ceramic ferrules for improved optical performance
        \n– Advanced polymer seals for extended temperature range<\/p>\n

        \n

        Chapter 3: Application Sector Analysis<\/h2>\n

        3.1 Offshore Oil & Gas<\/h3>\n

        Current State:<\/strong>
        \nThe oil & gas sector remains the largest consumer of fiber optic underwater connectors, though growth rates are moderating as the industry matures.<\/p>\n

        Key Applications:<\/strong>
        \n– Subsea production monitoring systems
        \n– Downhole sensing networks
        \n– Pipeline integrity monitoring
        \n– Remote operating vehicle (ROV) communications<\/p>\n

        Market Characteristics:<\/strong>
        \n– High reliability requirements (99.9%+ uptime)
        \n– Long qualification cycles (12-24 months)
        \n– Premium pricing tolerance
        \n– Strong preference for established suppliers<\/p>\n

        Growth Drivers:<\/strong>
        \n– Deepwater exploration expansion (Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, West Africa)
        \n– Digital oilfield initiatives
        \n– Aging infrastructure requiring upgrades
        \n– Decommissioning monitoring requirements<\/p>\n

        Udfordringer:<\/strong>
        \n– Oil price volatility affecting capital expenditure
        \n– Energy transition pressure reducing long-term investment
        \n– Increasing competition from lower-cost suppliers<\/p>\n

        3.2 Offshore Wind Energy<\/h3>\n

        Market Explosion:<\/strong>
        \nOffshore wind represents the highest-growth application sector for fiber optic underwater connectors, driven by global renewable energy commitments.<\/p>\n

        Market Size Projection:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \u00c5r<\/th>\nGlobal Offshore Wind Capacity<\/th>\nConnector Market Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        2026<\/td>\n75 GW<\/td>\n$264M<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        2028<\/td>\n125 GW<\/td>\n$445M<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        2030<\/td>\n200 GW<\/td>\n$712M<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Source: Global Wind Energy Council, 2026<\/em><\/p>\n

        Connector Applications in Wind Farms:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Turbine Monitoring Systems<\/strong>\n
            \n
          • Vibration sensors<\/li>\n
          • Temperature monitoring<\/li>\n
          • Structural health monitoring<\/li>\n
          • Average: 8-12 connectors per turbine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • Substation Communications<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • Inter-turbine fiber networks<\/li>\n
            • SCADA systems<\/li>\n
            • Power monitoring<\/li>\n
            • Average: 50-100 connectors per substation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • Cable Array Monitoring<\/strong>\n
                \n
              • Distributed temperature sensing<\/li>\n
              • Partial discharge detection<\/li>\n
              • Cable fault location<\/li>\n
              • Average: 20-30 connectors per array<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Technical Requirements:<\/strong>
                \n– 25+ year design life (matching turbine lifespan)
                \n– Corrosion resistance in splash zone
                \n– Easy maintenance access
                \n– Cost sensitivity higher than oil & gas<\/p>\n

                3.3 Telecommunications and Data<\/h3>\n

                Subsea Cable Networks:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                The global subsea cable network continues expanding, with fiber optic connectors playing critical roles in:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Cable landing stations<\/li>\n
                • Branching units<\/li>\n
                • Repeater systems<\/li>\n
                • Network monitoring points<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Market Dynamics:<\/strong>
                  \n– Hyperscale data center interconnects driving new cable projects
                  \n– Low-latency trading routes creating premium segments
                  \n– Sovereign internet initiatives in developing nations
                  \n– Cable upgrade cycles replacing copper with fiber<\/p>\n

                  Emerging Application: Underwater Data Centers<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Microsoft’s Project Natick and similar initiatives have validated the concept of underwater data centers, creating demand for:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • High-density fiber connections (100+ fibers)<\/li>\n
                  • Hot-swappable connector systems<\/li>\n
                  • Integrated power and cooling monitoring<\/li>\n
                  • 10-year maintenance-free operation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    3.4 Forsvar og sikkerhed<\/h3>\n

                    Naval Applications:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    Defense sector demand for fiber optic underwater connectors remains strong, characterized by:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Stringent qualification requirements (MIL-SPEC)<\/li>\n
                    • Long product life cycles (20+ years)<\/li>\n
                    • Domestic sourcing preferences<\/li>\n
                    • Classified technology restrictions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Key Applications:<\/strong>
                      \n– Submarine communications
                      \n– Underwater surveillance systems
                      \n– Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) networks
                      \n– Harbor security systems<\/p>\n

                      Budget Trends:<\/strong>
                      \nGlobal naval modernization programs allocating $12B+ annually to underwater systems, with 15-20% dedicated to communications and sensor networks.<\/p>\n

                      3.5 Scientific Research<\/h3>\n

                      Ocean Observation Systems:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      Scientific applications, while smaller in absolute value, drive technology innovation and validate new approaches:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Ocean Networks Canada<\/li>\n
                      • European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory (EMSO)<\/li>\n
                      • Regional cabled observatories (Japan, China, USA)<\/li>\n
                      • Autonomous sensor networks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Karakteristika:<\/strong>
                        \n– Extreme depth requirements (full ocean depth)
                        \n– Long-term deployment (5-10 years)
                        \n– Harsh environment tolerance
                        \n– Collaboration with commercial suppliers<\/p>\n

                        \n

                        Kapitel 4: Konkurrencelandskab<\/h2>\n

                        4.1 Market Share Analysis<\/h3>\n

                        Top 10 Manufacturers (2026):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Rank<\/th>\nVirksomhed<\/th>\nMarkedsandel<\/th>\nHeadquarters<\/th>\nSpecialitet<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                        1<\/td>\nTE Connectivity (Subconn)<\/td>\n18%<\/td>\nSwitzerland<\/td>\nPremium wet-mate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        2<\/td>\nBIRNS (Huber+Suhner)<\/td>\n14%<\/td>\nUSA\/Switzerland<\/td>\nDefense, telecom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        3<\/td>\nSeaConnect<\/td>\n11%<\/td>\nUK<\/td>\nOil & gas focus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        4<\/td>\nWetLink (Oceaneering)<\/td>\n9%<\/td>\nUSA<\/td>\nSubsea production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        5<\/td>\nHYSF Subsea<\/td>\n6%<\/td>\nKina<\/td>\nValue segment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        6<\/td>\nMacArtney<\/td>\n5%<\/td>\nDenmark<\/td>\nOffshore wind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        7<\/td>\nSubConn (legacy)<\/td>\n5%<\/td>\nNorge<\/td>\nLegacy installations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        8<\/td>\nFalmat<\/td>\n4%<\/td>\nUSA<\/td>\nResearch applications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        9<\/td>\nOcean Optics<\/td>\n4%<\/td>\nNetherlands<\/td>\nVidenskabelig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        10<\/td>\nOthers<\/td>\n24%<\/td>\nVarious<\/td>\nRegional players<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        4.2 Competitive Strategies<\/h3>\n

                        Premium Segment (TE Connectivity, BIRNS):<\/strong>
                        \n– Focus on high-margin, technically demanding applications
                        \n– Heavy R&D investment (8-12% of revenue)
                        \n– Long-term customer relationships
                        \n– Comprehensive qualification support<\/p>\n

                        Value Segment (HYSF Subsea, regional players):<\/strong>
                        \n– Competitive pricing (30-50% below premium)
                        \n– Faster delivery times (2-4 weeks vs. 8-12)
                        \n– Flexible MOQ requirements
                        \n– Growing technical capabilities<\/p>\n

                        Niche Specialists:<\/strong>
                        \n– Application-specific expertise
                        \n– Custom engineering services
                        \n– Higher margins through differentiation
                        \n– Limited scale but loyal customer base<\/p>\n

                        4.3 M&A Activity<\/h3>\n

                        Recent consolidation trends:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • 2024:<\/strong> Huber+Suhner acquisition of BIRNS ($285M)<\/li>\n
                        • 2025:<\/strong> TE Connectivity acquisition of subsea division from competitor ($420M)<\/li>\n
                        • 2026:<\/strong> Private equity investment in Asian manufacturers ($150M+)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Rationale:<\/strong>
                          \n– Technology portfolio expansion
                          \n– Geographic market access
                          \n– Manufacturing capacity consolidation
                          \n– R&D cost sharing<\/p>\n

                          \n

                          Chapter 5: Market Projections and Forecasts<\/h2>\n

                          5.1 Overall Market Growth (2026-2030)<\/h3>\n

                          Base Case Scenario:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                          \u00c5r<\/th>\nMarkedsst\u00f8rrelse (USD)<\/th>\n\u00c5rlig v\u00e6kst<\/th>\nVigtige drivkr\u00e6fter<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                          2026<\/td>\n$1.20B<\/td>\n-<\/td>\nBaseline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          2027<\/td>\n$1.31B<\/td>\n9.2%<\/td>\nWind farm expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          2028<\/td>\n$1.44B<\/td>\n9.9%<\/td>\nHybrid adoption<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          2029<\/td>\n$1.59B<\/td>\n10.4%<\/td>\nData center growth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                          2030<\/td>\n$1.76B<\/td>\n10.7%<\/td>\n5G undersea networks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                          CAGR (2026-2030): 8.4%<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          5.2 Scenario Analysis<\/h3>\n

                          Bull Case (12.1% CAGR):<\/strong>
                          \n– Accelerated offshore wind deployment
                          \n– Major subsea cable projects
                          \n– Defense spending increases
                          \n– Technology breakthrough reducing costs<\/p>\n

                          Bear Case (4.2% CAGR):<\/strong>
                          \n– Oil & gas investment decline
                          \n– Renewable energy policy reversals
                          \n– Trade restrictions affecting supply chains
                          \n– Economic recession reducing capital expenditure<\/p>\n

                          5.3 Technology Adoption Curves<\/h3>\n

                          Wet-Mate Fiber:<\/strong>
                          \n– Current penetration: 35%
                          \n– 2030 projection: 48%
                          \n– Limiting factors: Cost, complexity<\/p>\n

                          Hybrid Connectors:<\/strong>
                          \n– Current penetration: 22%
                          \n– 2030 projection: 41%
                          \n– Driving factors: System integration benefits<\/p>\n

                          Expanded Beam:<\/strong>
                          \n– Current penetration: 15%
                          \n– 2030 projection: 28%
                          \n– Driving factors: Reliability improvements<\/p>\n

                          5.4 Regional Growth Projections<\/h3>\n

                          Fastest Growing Regions:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Asia-Pacific (10.5% CAGR)<\/strong>\n